DSpace Collection: 第15号

塚本邦雄『水葬物語』全講義(10)

Fri, 31 Mar 2000 00:00:00 GMT

Title: 塚本邦雄『水葬物語』全講義(10)

Authors: 菱川, 善夫

The Uses American Jews Make of Three "Myths"

Fri, 31 Mar 2000 00:00:00 GMT

Title: The Uses American Jews Make of Three "Myths"

Authors: O'Brien, Patrick

死に行く神の伝播とイスラエルの神 : 嘆きの女性をめぐって

Fri, 31 Mar 2000 00:00:00 GMT

Title: 死に行く神の伝播とイスラエルの神 : 嘆きの女性をめぐって

Authors: 桑原, 俊一

Abstract: This paper deals with the diffusion of cults of dying gods in the ancient Near East, including ancient Israel. Stories of dying gods were widespread from Mesopotamia to Greece and Israel. The cult of Dumuzi, for instance, originates in the tale (often presented dramatically) of the dying god in the ancient Mesopotamia. The purpose of this paper, however, does not make clear the all phases by which traditions of the dying gods, but rather tries to explicate one factor of this cult: the origin and nature of public lamentation over the dying god, especially the lamenting women for dead sons or husbands. The most obvious feature or central idea of this cult is representation of the death and resurrection of gods, along with the seasonal cycle, especially during the winter and in the spring. Dumuzi, god of fertility, who embodied nature's powers for new life in the spring, became the Semitic god Tammuz. The cult of Tammuz spread to Greece as the festival of Adonia (god of Adonis) and celebrated by women in Israel. Tammuz cult seems to have revolved around two yearly festivals: one was celebrating the marriage of Tammuz to the goddess Inanna/Ishtar; the other was public lamentation for his death by groups of wailing women. On the one hand the marriage rite developed publically for political reason to enable the king to take on the identity of the god, while on the other, in an unofficial capacity, women continued to lament the death of Tammuz in festive rites. The annual festival of Adonia was held to celebrate such adonic figures as Osiris and Dumuzi at Byblos and elsewhere. Israelites, especially women, commemorated Tammuz festival with rites of public lamentation (Ez 8: 14). Since the biblical texts claim that Yahawh is only god, pagan gods were therefore in principle excluded, yet, in reality, evidence of Israelite religious practices attest that the pagan gods was worshiped from beginning to the end of the Joshua's reformation (B.C.722). The problem is to decide who in Israel supported the pagan gods or goddesses: Baal, Asherah, Astharte. It is well known, for instance, that the king Omuri worshiped the Cananite god Baal, since the prophets criticized him for doing so. Goddesses were worshiped for long time in Israel. The question is: who were the worshippers? My research represented in this paper has attempted to solve this enigma from a socio-religious point of view. Just as the festival of Adonia involved women who were placed in the lower stratum of social order, so in Israelite women supported the festivals of goddesses as a means of sustaining their own lives in the patriarchal system of ancient Israel.

明治期における日本語教本の研究(1) : S.R.ブラウン著"Colloquial Japanese"と日本語教育における意義

Fri, 31 Mar 2000 00:00:00 GMT

Title: 明治期における日本語教本の研究(1) : S.R.ブラウン著"Colloquial Japanese"と日本語教育における意義

Authors: 中川, かず子

Abstract: An increasing number of Japanese language textbooks have been published over the last ten years. Learners are able to choose texts suitable for their needs: some are for university students, some for people specializing in business, engineering, or other sorts of acting. Many teachers and learners accept the idea that in acquiring a foreign language communication practice in these languages is essential. At the same time, many learners may insist on acquiring precise information about the language, especially with regard to the grammatical structures or the meaning of words. This tendency can be seen more clearly when the learners are adults who are well-versed in their first languages or have previous experience of learning foreign languages. Interestingly, the textbooks written by foreign educationists or researchers tend to focus on the grammatical aspects of the target language by means of comparison with their own languages. Textbooks such as "Japanese Language Patterns" (Sophia University, 1966) or "Beginning Japanese" (Yale University, 1963) were written in English and in romanized Japanese by foreign language specialists. These textbooks have been widely used around the world and have acquired a good reputation amongst both teachers and learners. We need to be aware of foreign scholars' great work, before and after the Meiji Period, on the writing of Japanese textbooks and dictionaries, when very few references could be acquired. In this paper the author is focusing on S. R. Brown's "Colloquial Japanese" which was published in 1863. This American scholar and missionary successfully completed his textbook for learners of Japanese, with detailed grammatical notes on the spoken aspects of the language and a good collection of different speech levels. His work contributed to other British Japanologists, such as E. Satow, G. Aston, and B. H. Chamberlain who were widely regarded as being the most excellent scholars on Japanese studies during the Meiji Era. The paper also offers an opportunity to consider the significance of Brown's work in terms of Japanese education today.